Linnaean Classification System (Scientific Names)

In 1735, Carl Linnaeus published his Systema Naturae, which contained his taxonomy for organizing the natural world. Linneaus proposed three kingdoms, which were divided into classes. From classes, the groups were further divided into orders, families, genera (singular: genus), and species. An additional rank beneath species distinguished between highly similar organisms. While his system of classifying minerals has been discarded, a modified version of the Linnaean classification system is still used to identify and categorize animals and plants. Why Is the Linnaean System Important? The Linnaean system is important because it led to the use of binomial nomenclature to identify each species. Once the system was adopted, scientists could communicate without the use of misleading common names. A human being became a member of Homo sapiens, no matter what language a person spoke. How to Write a Genus Species Name A Linnaean name or scientific name has two parts (i.e., is binomial). First is the genus name, which is capitalized, followed by the species name, which is written in lowercase letters. In print, a genus and species name is italicized. For example, the scientific name for the house cat is Felis catus. After the first use of a full name, the genus name is abbreviated using only the first letter of the genus (e.g., F. catus). Be aware, there are actually two Linnaean names for many organisms. There is the original name given by Linnaeaus and the accepted scientific name (often different). Alternatives to Linnaean Taxonomy While the genus and species names of Linneaus rank-based classification system are used, cladististic systematics is increasingly popular. Cladistics categorizes organisms based on traits that can be traced to the most recent common ancestor. Essentially, its classification based on similar genetics. Original Linnaean Classification System When identifying an object, Linnaeus first looked at whether it was animal, vegetable, or mineral. These three categories were the original domains. Domains were divided into kingdoms, which were broken into phyla (singular: phylum) for animals and divisions for plants and fungi. Phyla or divisions were broken into classes, which in turn were divided into orders, families, genera (singular: genus), and species. Species in v were divided into subspecies. In botany, species were divided into varietas (singular: variety) and forma (singular: form). According to the 1758 version (10th edition) of the Imperium Naturae, the classification system was: Animals Classis 1: Mammalia (mammals)Classis 2: Aves (birds)Classis 3: Amphibia (amphibians)Classis 4: Pisces (fish)Classis 5: Insecta (insects)Classis 6: Vermes (worms) Plants Classis 1. Monandria: flowers with 1 stamenClassis 2. Diandria: flowers with 2 stamensClassis 3. Triandria: flowers with 3 stamensClassis 4. Tetrandria: flowers with 4 stamensClassis 5. Pentandria: flowers with 5 stamensClassis 6. Hexandria: flowers with 6 stamensClassis 7. Heptandria: flowers with 7 stamensClassis 8. Octandria: flowers with 8 stamensClassis 9. Enneandria: flowers with 9 stamensClassis 10. Decandria: flowers with 10 stamensClassis 11. Dodecandria: flowers with 12 stamensClassis 12. Icosandria: flowers with 20 (or more) stamensClassis 13. Polyandria: flowers with many stamensClassis 14. Didynamia: flowers with 4 stamens, 2 long and 2 shortClassis 15. Tetradynamia: flowers with 6 stamens, 4 long and 2 shortClassis 16. Monadelphia; flowers with the anthers separate, but the filaments united at the baseClassis 17. Diadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in two groupsClassis 18. Polyadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in several groupsClassis 19. Syngenesia; flo wers with 5 stamens having anthers united at the edgesClassis 20. Gynandria; flowers having stamens united to the pistilsClassis 21. Monoecia: monoecious plantsClassis 22. Dioecia: dioecious plantsClassis 23. Polygamia: polygamodioecious plantsClassis 24. Cryptogamia: organisms that resemble plants but dont have flowers, which included fungi, algae, ferns, and bryophytes Minerals Classis 1. Petrà ¦ (rocks)Classis 2. Minerà ¦ (minerals)Classis 3. Fossilia (fossils)Classis 4. Vitamentra (possibly meant minerals with nutritional value or some vital essence) The mineral taxonomy is no longer in use. The ranking for plants has changed, since Linnaeus based his classes on the number of stamens and pistils of a plant. The animal classification is similar to the one in use today. For example, the modern scientific classification of the house cat is kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, class Mammalia, order Carnivora, family Felidae, subfamily Felinae, genus Felis, species catus. Fun Fact About the Taxonomy Many people assume Linnaeus invented ranking taxonomy. In actuality, the Linnaean system is simply his version of ordering. The system actually dates back to Plato and Aristotle. Reference Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 18 April 2015.

Change Management in Healthcare - 10479 Words

The Health Care Manager Volume 27, Number 1, pp. 23–39 Copyright # 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams Wilkins Change Management in Health Care Robert James Campbell, EdD This article introduces health care managers to the theories and philosophies of John Kotter and William Bridges, 2 leaders in the evolving field of change management. For Kotter, change has both an emotional and situational component, and methods for managing each are expressed in his 8-step model (developing urgency, building a guiding team, creating a vision, communicating for buy-in, enabling action, creating short-term wins, don’t let up, and making it stick). Bridges deals with change at a more granular, individual level, suggesting that†¦show more content†¦A second major idea centers on the mindset that a health care manager must adopt before setting out on a change initiative. Kotter identifies the ‘‘analysis-thinkchange’’ mindset as the traditional method used by managers to initiate change. At this level, the focus is on cognition and rational thought, by presenting individuals with information in the form of reports, PowerPoint presentations, and Excel spreadsheets, which form the basis of analysis. This leads individuals to change their thinking and, ultimately, their behavior. For Kotter, this mindset rarely uncovers the ‘‘big truths’’1(p12) about why change is necessary. Employees do not need 200-page reports to show them why paper patient documentation hinders physician decision making and generates increased risk of medical errors. Moreover, ‘‘analytical tools work best when parameters are known, assumptions are minimal, and the future is not as fuzzy.’’1(p12) Finally, according to Kotter, analysis rarely changes how people think, and it does not ‘‘send people running out the door to act in significantly new ways?’’1(p13) To drive home this point home, when employees are motivated, it is something that they feel in their hearts and not in their heads that impel them into action. To instill a feeling of action in employees’ hearts, Kotter recommends that a manager adopt a ‘‘see-feel-change’’ approach. Using thisShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Change and Healthcare Management Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesand reduce over-head costs. Health care organizations in their effort to become more efficient and address changes in the industry have altered their strategic business plans. 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Globalize Human Resource Management Rutledgeâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Globalize Human Resource Management Rutledge? Answer: Introduction Human resource management is the key player which affects the growth of the company in the global market. It is also responsible for keeping a positive image of the company in front of visitors. It is the duty of the HR manager to maximize the performance of employees and keep them interested in the activities of the business. Without adequate human resource measure, an organization cannot successfully carry on their business transaction, ultimately due to which they will face dissatisfaction among employees in the management (Armstrong, Taylor, 2014). Talking about the company Uber, it is an identified innovative company present in the global market. Uber calls it customer Uber partners which initiates the job seekers join the company due to fancy titles. Nut it is the inefficiency of the human resource department that they are unable to stand up to the expectations of the employees of the company. Further, the business report discusses are about the new article about Uber employee issues and human resource theories which the company shall adopt in order to understand the case. Further, it also includes recommendations to the company with the aid of which they can again attain the former position in the target. Further details of the task are discussed below. Discussion about the news story The news story discusses the case in which Uber is settling unfair dismissal cases. The core of the news article is that the company is breaching the rights of the employees (drivers) of the company by regarding them as only drivers, not the actual employees of the further. Further to elaborate the case it shall be said that the AFR reported that the company is not accepting that the drivers who are working for them are the employees of the company (Thijssens, Bollen, Hassink, 2015). It further states that the Rideshare Drivers Association of Australia filed a claim against the company that Uber is practicing unethical activities which are harnessing the interest of the drivers who are associated with the activities of the company. The case was submitted to the fair work commission for the avoidance of contractor relationship with the company. In this case, it shall be noticed that the company smartly played a trick by calling their divers partners not the employee of the company (C ollings, 2014). With this effect, they secured themselves from the liability of calling drivers employees, and they initiated a contractual relationship with the drivers of the company. This will assist the company to deactivate the contracts with the drivers if any unlikable case is faced by the company. Due to this method job security risk is always maintained with the drivers associated with the company (Stone, Deadrick, 2015). In relation to the HR policies, the company is working unethically with the drivers. It is the corporate social responsibility of every organization to safeguard the interest of the stakeholders of the company and not defraud them. Considering the above-mentioned case, Uber is keeping its stakeholder at risk by not providing them approval that they are employees of the company. It is known that drivers are employees of the company and they have right to know the amendments in the activities of the company. But with the effect of contractual relationship with the driver, the company can anytime deactivate the term period of the employees without giving prior notice. This act of Uber is financial. Following to the CSR policy, another theory which relates to the issue is that employee engagement policy refers to the relationship of the employees with the organization (Cook, 2016). An engaged employee is the person who is fully absorbed by the company and has faith in the activities of t he company. Further, this relationship states that the employees of the company shall always be satisfied with the working environment of the company (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). The theory also states that this relationship results in the positive growth of the company positive attitude of employee will lead to increase in their efficiency leading them to work more. Talking about the Uber case, the company disrespected the policy as they did not perform functions according to it. Uber denied calling the drivers' employees of the company. The process of employee engagement requires the attention of the human resource manager of the company, to which the Uber HR manager was unable to perform (Bardoel, et. al., 2014). It is the duty of the HR manager to safeguard the interest of its employees and look for their issue and solve them, but the Uber manager acted opposite to the situation as they ignore the voice of the employees of the company and safeguard the interest of the company Uber. The theory also states that a commitment shall be made by the part of the management to the human resource of the company which shall contribute to organizational objective alo ng personal objective (Armstrong, Taylor, 2014). So, according to the theory of employee engagement, the HR manager did not fulfill their obligation which in return affected the growth of the company and also this event negatively affected the image of the company Uber in the global market (Yoo, 2017). Human Resource issues in Uber In context to the news article on the issues faced by the Uber company, the fact that shall be taken into account is that the acts which company performed in their management were wrong due to which the company had to face the following issues in their business process. Further, the problems of Uber Company are discussed below: The initial and foremost important HR issue faced by the company is the inefficiency of HR manager to keep the interest of drivers aligned with the core activity of the business. Irrespective of the share of the drivers in deciding business rules, the company initiated contractor relationship with them. This act of the company disregarded the right of drivers (Hoque, 2013). Another human resource issues faced by the company is that there is a low degree of employee retention in the company. The employees keep on switching their jobs from the company Uber. The working environment and the culture of Uber are not fit for the people to stay for a longer period of time as the company is unable to motivate their employees to stay for a longer period of time (Stone, 2013). Even the company focused on new recruitments and forgets the interest of people already hired. The company lacks the employee engagement process due to which they are facing such issues in their management (Sderberg, Krishna, Bjrn, 2013). The company Uber does not call their drivers as a part of the company, which means they initiate a relationship with the employees on the basis of the contract and do not treat them as employees of the company. Due to this process, the drivers are unable to hold their rights in the working of the company. Implementation of such activity in the business process is the corporate social responsibility of the company. In order to attain a sustainable growth, most importantly the manager needs to keep the assets (employees) of the company intact then only they can earn competitive advantage in the global market (Breevaart, et., 2014). Lastly, the company does not pay to employees adequately due to which dissatisfaction occurs in their attitude. According to Herzbergs theory of motivation, in order to attain safety, the employees need job security along with optimum pay to keep them motivated towards the target (Stone, n.d.). Conclusion Thus, in the limelight of above mentioned events, the act that shall be stated is that the company Uber has several issues in its human resource management system, apart from which the company is acting ethical wrong with the drivers of the organization. Thus, the report provides issue and recommendation to the company regarding the managerial issues. Recommendations for the company The following are the few recommendation with the use of which the company can initiate adequate human resource management techniques in their management system. The HR manager shall personally look after the case, and analyze the defaulter, even if the company is at fault, they shall amend the measure to safeguard the interest of drivers of the company (Alfes, et. al., 2013). The contractor relationship shall be put to an end so that no rights of the drivers are breached. Apart from that, the drivers shall also be called as the employee of the company as they serve to the core activity of the business. The top management of the company shall circulate their response to the public in favor of the interest of the employees so that their image is maintained. Keeping in mind the employee engagement theory the management shall activities which adequately maintain a good employer-employee relationship in the internal process of the company (Saks, Gruman, 2014). The company shall create laws fulfill their corporate social responsibility against the society. Also keeping in mind the stakeholder theory, the company shall work to provide maximum benefits to the stakeholder so the company, not only personal goals shall be satisfied but all stakeholders shall gain benefit with the growth of the company. Incentive scheme shall be initiated in the management of the company for efficient employees (Cho, et. al., 2015). References Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., Soane, E. C. (2013). The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model. The international journal of human resource management, 24(2), 330-351. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bardoel, E. A., Pettit, T. M., De Cieri, H., McMillan, L. (2014). Employee resilience: an emerging challenge for HRM. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 52(3), 279-297. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O. K., Espevik, R. (2014). Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 87(1), 138-157. Cho, C. H., Michelon, G., Patten, D. M., Roberts, R. W. (2015). CSR disclosure: the more things change?. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 28(1), 14-35. Collings, D. G. (2014). Integrating global mobility and global talent management: Exploring the challenges and strategic opportunities. Journal of World Business, 49(2), 253-261 Cook, M. (2016). Personnel Selection: Adding Value Through People-a Changing Picture. John Wiley Sons. Hoque, K. (2013). Human resource management in the hotel industry: Strategy, innovation and performance. Routledge. Saks, A. M., Gruman, J. A. (2014). What do we really know about employee engagement?. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), 155-182. Sderberg, A. M., Krishna, S., Bjrn, P. (2013). Global software development: commitment, trust and cultural sensitivity in strategic partnerships. Journal of International Management, 19(4), 347-361. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016). Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Stone, D. L., Deadrick, D. L. (2015). Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 25(2), 139-145 Stone, R. J., (2013). Managing Human Resources. 4th Edition. Wiley Publication. Thijssens, T., Bollen, L., Hassink, H. (2015). Secondary stakeholder influence on CSR disclosure: An application of stakeholder salience theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(4), 873-891. Yoo, T., (2017). Uber Australia is settling unfair dismissal cases, despite insisting drivers are not employees. Viewed on 27 September, 2017 from https://www.businessinsider.com.au/uber-australia-is-settling-unfair-dismissal-cases-despite-insisting-drivers-are-not-employees-2017-6#jPewXpUjXzD5yDG3.9

Eveline James Joyce (Short Personal Response) Essay Example

Eveline James Joyce (Short Personal Response) Essay â€Å"Eveline†, is a story about a 19 year old girl who diligently reflects on the life she has had residing in the same town (in Dublin) with her siblings, everyone she knows, and her abusive father whom she labours excessively for to support. This is the same town her mother died in that she now anticipates leaving for Buenos Ayres, with her fiance Frank. The story of Eveline, by James Joyce, handles many interconnected themes such as attachments, escape and identity, which employs great attention to a specific situation that is relatable to almost everyone: the time to leave home. Though Eveline’s acting outlets resemble those prominent to my own, what interests me the most about her story is her overbearing dilemma to either leave a hard, yet full and interesting life, for an easy and safe, though mundane one. The reason this grabs my attention is because, I’ve often pondered about why it would be so hard for me to leave my own strenuous and distressing home, and my exasperating mother that has caused me so many detriments. This curiosity has led me to believe that the harder one has had to work at home to make things work, regardless of the results, the more interesting their history becomes and the stronger their attachment to that life becomes. For anyone that has been in such a situation, it becomes clear frequently, how big of a part this life is to you and that through the struggles you have learned everything that you now know, and this life is the only one you do know. We will write a custom essay sample on Eveline James Joyce (Short Personal Response) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Eveline James Joyce (Short Personal Response) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Eveline James Joyce (Short Personal Response) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Something less than ‘this life’ may leave someone, such as Eveline, feeling useless and lost, possibly causing them to spin out of control searching for meaning and value in a new life that seems too simple. The reader sees this progression for Eveline as the story starts with her rested against the window where she goes to reflect not only on her self, but the relationship to the place which she sits whilst the evening rolls in. James Joyce wonderfully illustrates that, â€Å"the evening invade[d] the avenue† at the beginning of the story, while she leaned against the window. This was my favourite line of the story though, I did not catch the second meaning of it until after I had read it a few more times. First, it is clear that, with evening coming, this represents for Eveline, that she is running out of time at home (not in a pleasant and welcomes way either, â€Å"invade† is a pretty harsh word); though it is latent to her until the end of the story that, she does have a choice to stay home. At this point her decision is so straight forward that, to even question not leaving with her fiance Frank would be absurd. Second, Joyce cleverly uses the term â€Å"avenue,† not only to describe the roads of the town which is being covered with the turning of day, but also because it represents the clouding or loss of an outlet or rather, an escape. Eveline sits at the window reminiscing the days that weren’t so bad, when her father â€Å"was not so bad† either. This was a time prior, to when her mother died and before the man from Belfast bought the field which the neighbour kids used to play in and turned the old little brown houses in to bright brick and red houses. In other words, the look of her home did change, some people left town, some people died, but the memories did not die and their meaning did not dissipate. This is important because it foreshadows the reluctance Eveline has to leave her home after having the epiphany that, even if she did run away to a new setting, she would not change who either she or her father were. This realization that Eveline has is not one that everyone does when leaving home (or a place of equal meaning), but even those who do, don’t always make the choice to stay as she did. Some readers may be confused when trying to understand why she did not take the obvious route and leave her father and tiring jobs behind to be with a loving, safe, and wonderful guy as Frank appeared to be. I personally do not question it, I embrace it. The conclusion I drew from reading Eveline made me feel more secure about my own reluctance to leave home and the avenues which I extensively burdened with my attempts of escape and survival. My first was a relationship that was so perfect in its own harmony that I depended on it too strongly to the point that I only saw it as my escape, instead of a separate entity of pleasure, love, and divinity. The second, like Eveline was faith, which is somewhat ironic considering I abandoned religion so effortlessly at such a young age. This turn was not because of a new belief in God, it was for the mysticism and miracles it provided for believers. Unfortunately, my abandonment of religion was so easy because it never made sense to me and it was never my own thought. So my ‘turn back’ was rather unsuccessful when it came to making miracles out of heartache but, it did provide me with new insight on the meaning of faith and spirituality that brings me a sense of peace. Though it may only be alluded to in my eyes, what I see at the end of this story is a woman, Eveline, who realizes that she is so much more than just a runner. After all she has been through it would just be too easy to get up and leave with Frank. It seems as if she believes she does not deserve the luxury of leaving while simultaneously feeling that she is beyond an escape.